마법사의 공간

영어 한국사: The early stages of Korean slavery up to the 1100s-19

As the fierce power struggles among the generals came to an end at the turn of the 1200s, the Korean Peninsula had barely been able to regain stability when it it was subjected to a series of invasions by the Mongol Empire between 1231 and 1257. The ruling apparatus of the state remained enfeebled during the eighty years between 1270, when the military regime collapsed, and the final takeover by..

THE PROLIFERATION OF KOREAN SLAVERY, 1200S-1400S In 1170, a military coup took place in the Korean Peninsula that destroyed the previous state system. A small number of generals seized political power, triggering a purge and dismissal of a great number of state officials. Even under the military regime, sort of Korean Shogunate, power struggles among generals continued, and the commander in chie..

While those between the ages of sixteen and fifty-nine were required to work as slaves, minors or seniors aged sixty were exempt from such work. In sum, although the origins of Korean slavery can be found during the second and third centuries BCE, slavery was not central to understanding the characteristics of Korean society, even into the twelfth century of the Common Era. Not only was the slav..

It was in this period that the state began legislating on slavery. First, the heritability of slave status was enacted as evidenced by the Matrilineal Succession Law (chongmopõp) of 1036, which stated that the offspring of nobi shall inherit the status of the mother. Since slaves in Koryŏ society were still mainly perceived as criminals, the state banned marriage between slaves and commoners. Th..

In 986, the state even set the price of slaves to approximately the equivalent economic value of what a commoner would make for a hundred days of labor with female slaves estimated at a slightly higher price than their male counterparts. Such a low price indicates the small contribution that slaves made to the Korean economy during the tenth to twelfth centuries. Nevertheless, such a measure con..

Accordingly, the kings of the newly reunified state needed to free as many slaves as possible to widen the tax base and increase the pool of military recruits. It is now generally accepted that the slave population in Korea did not exceed 10 percent of the total population until the collapse of the Koryŏ Dynasty in the late fourteenth century. Aristocrats in early Koryò did own slaves, but most ..

The early Koryŏ Dynasty (918-1392) that succeeded in reunifying the Korean Peninsula through civil war actively employed policies to suppress the growth of the slave population and largely succeeded, at least until the early twelfth century. In particular, the Slave Investigation Law (nobi an gõmpōp) implemented by King Kwangjong (r. 949-975) was designed to locate and free those enslaved during..

But slave status did not necessarily last a lifetime. Those possessed of extraordinary intellect or martial skills might expect to break free from slavery and serve in some military or administrative capacity. Think of the warring state period in early China between the seventh and third centuries BCE, or the warring state period in medieval Japan during the sixteenth century, in which one's soc..

The number of slaves increased somewhat as Unified Silla began to decline around the turn of the tenth century, giving rise to roughly thirty years of war over reunification of the Korean Peninsula. Ambitious generals and semi-independent local powers began to enslave commoners in order to secure the labor force for both military and economic use necessary to As expand their powers. the civil wa..

Even when Silla unified the Korean Peninsula for the first time, initiating a period of social and political stability between the eighth and ninth centuries, there is still no evidence of slave use in large-scale agriculture. Slaves clearly existed in Silla society, as fragments of remaining records reveal. However, they mainly comprised those who had fallen into slavery as punishment by the st..

This was likely related to the absence of a large-scale collective farming system, given the mountainous geography of the Korean Peninsula, and bears comparison with some Middle Eastern civilizations such as ancient Palestine, as described in the Old Testament, where only the women and young children of defeated tribes were enslaved while the men were killed.   해석  이는 한반도의 산악 지형으로 인해 대규모 집단 농업 체..

More recent studies, however, have refuted this view by demonstrating that no was a common self-deprecatory expression at that time. In addition, in the absence of demand for slaves in agriculture, most prisoners of war resulting from the numerous battles that took place in the Korean Peninsula were either killed or obliged to pay tribute on a regular basis rather than enslaved until the seventh..

For a time, there was a tendency to interpret all instances of the character 'no' in the historical record as referring to slaves, and thus scholars perceived Silla to have been a slave society possessing an enormous number of slaves.   해석  한때, 역사 기록에서 등장하는 모든 '노' 자를 노예를 의미하는 것으로 해석하는 경향이 있었다. 그래서 학자들은 신라가 엄청난 수의 노비를 소유한 노예제 사회였다고 여겨왔다.   한 마디   신라 관련 사료에서 '奴'가 등장하는 것 관련으로, 자세하진 설명하지 않지만 이를 노비(노..

The ancient times in Korean history can be largely divided into the Three Kingdoms (-668) and the Unified Silla periods (668-900). Neither era had significant numbers of slaves.  해석  한국 고대시대는 크게 삼국시대와 통일신라시대로 나눌 수 있다. 두 시대 모두 노예 수가 많지 않았다.   한 마디  지역을 막론하고, 분명 노예는 재산이었다. 하지만, 어쨌든 부양의무가 있고, 박한 대우를 드러내면 반기를 들 수 있는 존재였기에 노예 수가 일정하게 늘어나기 위해서는 생산력이 뒷받침되어야 했음 또한 분명하다. 그런 면에서 한반도 고대 시대에 노예 수가 많지 않았던 부분..

Although the absence of further records makes it hard it to know whether such status was heritable, it is certain that slavery existed from the early stages of Korean civilization.   해석  더 이상의 기록이 없기에 그러한 신분이 세습 가능한 것이었는지를 알기는 어렵지만, 한국 문명의 초기 단계부터 노예가 존재했음은 분명하다.    absence : 부재, 결핍heritable : 세습 가능한civilization : 문명    한 마디   세습가능 여부를 중요하게 짚은 걸 보면, 사학자들은 연구에 있어서, 세습 여부를 중요하게 여기는 듯 하다. 과연 그 당시에도..

This shows us that crimes comitted by free men were punished by reducing the guilty person to slave status.   해석   이는 자유인의 범죄가 유죄를 선고받은 자를 노예 신분으로 만드는 방식으로 처벌되었음을 보여준다.   commit : (범죄 등을) 저지르다guilty : 유죄의, 죄를 지은reduce A to B : A를 B로 격하시키다, 전락시키다   한 마디   당연히 노예(slave)는 한국으로 말하면 노비와 같은 뜻이지만, 여전히 뭔가 좀 다른 느낌이다. 뭔가 당연히 존재하고, 친절한 주인 밑에서 자기 몫을 하는 노비가 등장하는 사극에 너무 익숙해져버린 걸까.    '영어논문 한국사'는 'The Cambidge..

The first documentation of the existence of slaves (nobi) can be found in legal records pertaining to the second and third centuries BCE, stipulating that those who steal from others shall be made nobi.   해석   노비(nobi)의 존재에 대한 최초의 기록은 기원전 2~3세기의 법률 문서에서 발견되며, 해당 문서에는 타인의 재물을 도둑질한 자는 노비가 되어야 한다는 규정이 명시되어 있다.  documentation : 문서화, 기록stipulate : 명시하다, 규정하다pertain to : ~와 관련되다BCE (Before Common Era)..

The term nobi is a combination of no, reffering to male slaves, and bi, which reffered to female slaves.   해석   노비라는 용어는 남자 노비를 뜻하는 '노' 자와 여자 노비를 뜻하는 '비'자를 합친 것이다.   한 마디   한국 사람이라면 들어본 적이 없을리 없는 단어 '노비', '노(奴)'와 '비(婢)'가 각각 남자, 여자 종을 뜻한다는 건 미처 생각하지 못한 사람도 많았을 것이다.   '영어논문 한국사'는 'The Cambidge world history of slavery' 중 한국의 노비 제도 변천을 다룬 'The early stages of Korean slavery up to the 1100s'을 번역해가며 ..